History,+Timeline,+and+Key+Contributors

=A Brief History= toc

Individuals with Antisocial Peronality Disorder have wreaked havoc all over the world. Not only do you find these individuals with ASPD in prisons, but they exist on the streets and are the CEO's of multi-million dollar companies. These people are everywhere and are able to blend into the rest of the population until they run in with the law. Through the centuries, people with this disability have troubled and puzzled many experts. Why do people act this way? What is the cause? Through these key contributors listed below, we have discovered many of the traits, coined terms, and removed the worst of these individuals off of the streets. =Timeline = = = = =
 * **Early 1800s** ||  __Phillipe Pinel__ - French physician; Treatise on Insanity (1806); //la folie raisonnante// (“insane without delirium” or “manic without delirium”) ||
 * **1800s** || __James Cowles Prichard__ - coined term ‘//moral insanity’// ||
 * **Late 1800s** || __Cesare Lombroso__ - Atavism; //criminaloids;// theorized anatomical defects linked to antisocial behavior; beastlike=criminal; neglected study ||
 * **1941** || __Hervey Cleckley__ -  ‘The Mask of Sanity’ cornerstone of study of psychopaths; deceptive and predatory nature ; American culture nutures this disorder; WWII release; ||
 * **1946** || __General Elliot Cooke__ - “All But Me and Thee” discusses study of more than 2,000 inmates in post WWII (inmates would no longer follow rules and cared nothing for their fellow GI’s), impulsive behavior, punishment meant nothing; PTSD tied to ASPD ||
 * **1950s** || __David Lykken__ - pioneered theory that psychopaths lack fear of personal injury and mortal fear (fear of punishment) ||
 * **1981** || __J.L. Koch__ - Term ‘moral insanity’ dropped, replaced with //psychopathic inferiority//. Eventually ‘inferiority’ was dropped, leaving psychopathic. ||
 * **1991** || __Dr. Robert Hare__ - Psychopathy checklist used worldwide; studied prison populations with interviews for closer history ||
 * **Current** || __Theodore Millon__ - Functional and Structural Domains for ASPD; 5 main subtypes of ASPD, 10 overlapping subtypes; __Adrian Raine, DPhil; Todd Lencz, PhD; Susan Bihrle, PhD; Lori LaCasse, BA; Patrick Colletti, MD__ <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> PET brain scans for similar patterns seen in antisocial personalities; Activity only in front of brain, in the language center. Gray matter volume is reduced in ASPD (11%); little activity in the orbital cortex, puts brake on amygdala (involves aggression, rage, eating, sex, addictions); brain injury or hereditary. ||

= = =A Closer Look at the Experts and their Contributions=

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Philippe Pinel (20 April 1745 - 25 October 1826) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Philippe Pinel was a French physician and often described as the "Father of Modern Psychiatry". He is most known for his refined methods in dealing with psychiatric patients. He wrote the book //Tretise on Insanity// in 1806 where he described some of his patients as displaying impulsive, hazardous behavior. However, instead of existing in a state of mind not knowing right from wrong, these individuals had full recollection of their acts and the repercussions of those acts. He described the mental state as " // la folie raisonnante" //(“insane without delirium” or “manic without delirium”), which was only a description without the negative connotation that is usually constituted with the disorder. He also believed that treatments in general must be molded around the individual, not their diagnostic category ("Raving psychology: The," 2010)(Jones, 2010). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">James Cowles Prichard (11 February 1786 – 23 December 1848)
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">James Cowles Prichard was an English physician and ethnologist. Prichard also helped in the study to determine if all races of human were the same species (which they are). He was the first to coin the term "moral insanity." This is where ASPD is first seen as a distinct and negative disease ("Raving psychology: The," 2010).

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Cesare Lombroso (6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909)
An Italian criminologist, Cesare Lombroso began a new study on profiling criminals. He theorized that the more 'beast-like' an individual appears, they have a greater inclination to be atavistic. He did surmise the fact that a person could be a 'born criminal' based on eugenics and Social Darwinism (evolution/survival of the fittest), but the basis (appearance) was the wrong track. This theory was quickly under major fire when criminals were found to be of any facial and bodily appearance. All conclusions were disregarded<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ("Raving psychology: The," 2010).

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Hervey Cleckley (1903 - January 28, 1984)
Hervey Cleckley was an American psychiatrist and one of the forerunners in describing traits of ASPD. His book //The Mask of Sanity//(1941) remains another cornerstone in ASPD knowledge. The book describes psychopaths as outwardly functioning citizens of society. Unlike most mental patients, this disorder does not inhibit daily life as do others such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cleckley thought that the way of American society nurtures the individualistic nature of the psychopath. Many people with ASPD are described as endearing, engaging, and charismatic, but also predatory and vicious.Unfortunately, though these folks with ASPD are outgoing, their lack of a conscience can cause trouble with society. There is now a conflict between the term 'psychopath' and 'sociopath' (a less 'stigmatizing term) since 'sociopaths' are described as those who are the high functioning, permanent society members, while psychopaths were, in Cleckley's mind, unsatisfactory of the lives before them-- meaning they bounce from occupation to occupation until they become stagnant. Another fun fact about Cleckley is he was one of the lead psychiatrists in the case of serial killer Ted Bundy! Also, the book was released in the WWII era, which shed some light on how some people come to be so evil, and why some soldiers suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder were suffering from ASPD as well ("Enpsychopedia: Hervey cleckley," 2008)(Cleckley, 1988)(Jones, 2010).

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General Elliot Cooke (1891 – 1961)
General Cooke wrote a very intuitive book called "//All But Me and Thee,"// in 1946 based on the study of over 2,000 prison inmates post WWII. His book described the inmates as only looking for immediate sources of gratification, also known as impulsive behavior with no care for the established consequences (Jones, 2010).

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David Lykken (June 18, 1928 – September 15, 2006)
David Lykken pioneered the theory that people with ASPD have virtually no emotions nor posess the ability to fear both bodily harm and also lack 'moral fear'-- fear of punishment (Jones, 2010).

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J.L. Koch (?-?)
In 1981, J.L. Koch decided to delete the term 'moral insanity' due to the attached stigma and replace it with 'psychopathic inferiority.' As the years passed, 'inferiority' was dropped and the new term for people with ASPD was 'psychopathic' <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">("Raving psychology: The," 2010).

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Dr. Robert Hare
Dr. Hare is Emeritus Professior of University of British Colombia and specializes in psychopathy. He is also President of Darkstone Research Group Ltd., a forensic research and consulting firm, and has authored numerous books including //Without a Conscience, The Disturbing World of Psychopaths Among Us,// along with multiple scientific articles on psychopathy. The //Psychopathy Checklist// is also among his great accomplishemnts in the field. For lack of better words, his biography on his website states:<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> "He consults with law enforcement, including the FBI and the RCMP, sits on the Research Advisory Board of the new FBI Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center (CASMIRC), and is a member of the FBI Serial Murder Working Group. He also was a member of the Advisory Panel established by Her Majesty’s Prison Service to develop new programs for the treatment of psychopathic offenders" (Hare, 2012)(Jones, 2010)

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Theodore Millon
Dr. Millon is a pioneer in studying Antisocial Behavior. He is now located at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology (IASPP) International Center in Port Jervis, NY. Years of compiled research have lead to his identification of 5 subtypes and 10 overlapping subtypes (Fig. 1). Pearson Education describes Dr. Millon: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Dr. Millon was the founding editor of the Journal of Personality Disorders and is the inaugural president of the International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders. He has been a full professor at Harvard Medical School, the University of Illinois, and the University of Miami. Principal author of the Millon™ Inventories, Dr. Millon has written or edited more than 30 books, including **The Millon Inventories: A Practitioner’s Guide to Personalized Clinical Assessment (2nd Edition)**, **Personality-Guided Therapy, The Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology (2nd Edition),****//Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology (2nd Edition)//** and a 3-book series subtitled //**A Personalized Psychotherapy Approach**//. Most recently, he has completed the third edition of **Disorders of Personality.** He has contributed more than 250 chapters and articles to numerous books and journals in the field. In the past decade, he has received psychology’s three highest commendations, the APA Presidential Citation, the APA’s distinguished Professional Contribution to Research, and the APF’s Gold Lifetime Achievement Award. With support from colleagues and Pearson, Dr. Millon established the Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology, which he directs as Dean and Scientific Director" ("//Theodore millon", 2012).//